Healthy gums do not normally bleed during gentle brushing or cleaning between the teeth. The most common reason for bleeding is a build-up of plaque around the gum line. Plaque contains bacteria. If it is not removed thoroughly, the gums can become red, swollen and prone to bleeding.

Early gum inflammation is often called gingivitis. At this stage, improving plaque control and having appropriate professional care can allow the gums to recover. If inflammation continues, some people develop periodontitis, where the tissues and bone supporting the teeth are damaged. Gum disease can be painless, so bleeding may be one of the first signs you notice.

Why are my gums bleeding?

Plaque-related inflammation is common, but bleeding does not provide a diagnosis on its own. Possible contributing factors include:

  • plaque left around the gum line or between the teeth
  • calculus, which is hardened plaque that needs professional removal
  • cleaning too forcefully or using a technique that injures the gum
  • starting to clean an inflamed area that has not been cleaned regularly
  • smoking, diabetes, some medicines and changes during pregnancy
  • less common medical or oral conditions that need assessment

If your gums bleed regularly, arrange a dental examination rather than trying to work out the cause yourself.

What can I do at home?

Keep cleaning the area gently. Stopping because you see blood can allow more plaque to collect and the inflammation to continue. Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, paying attention to where the teeth meet the gums. Spit after brushing rather than rinsing straight away.

Clean between your teeth every day using interdental brushes or floss, depending on the spaces and the advice you have been given. The correct size and technique matter. A dentist, hygienist or therapist can demonstrate what will work best for your mouth.

If you smoke, stopping is one of the most useful steps you can take for your gum health. Smoking can also mask bleeding, so gums may appear quieter even when disease is present.

Should I use mouthwash?

Mouthwash is not a substitute for brushing and cleaning between the teeth. Some products may be advised for a limited period, but the right choice depends on your mouth and treatment. Do not use mouthwash immediately after brushing because it washes away the concentrated fluoride left by toothpaste.

What happens at an appointment?

Your dentist will ask about the bleeding, your general health, medicines and smoking history. They will examine the gums and may measure the spaces around each tooth. Dental X-rays may be needed to assess the bone supporting the teeth.

Treatment depends on the diagnosis and how advanced the problem is. It may include tailored cleaning advice, professional removal of plaque and calculus, cleaning below the gum line and a plan for ongoing maintenance. More advanced or complex gum disease may need specialist periodontal assessment.

When should I seek help?

Book a dental appointment if your gums bleed when you brush or eat, or if they are red, swollen or sore. Also arrange an assessment if you notice persistent bad breath, a bad taste, gum recession, gaps appearing, loose teeth or a gum abscess.

Ask for urgent dental advice if you have very painful or severely swollen gums, a rapidly increasing swelling, loose teeth, ulcers or red patches that do not heal, or a lump in the mouth. If you cannot reach a dentist in England, NHS 111 can advise you.

A useful reassurance

Bleeding gums do not automatically mean you will lose teeth. They do mean it is worth finding the cause. Earlier assessment usually gives you more options and a clearer plan.

When might specialist care help?

A periodontist focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of gum disease and the tissues supporting the teeth. You do not need to know whether your problem is advanced or “specialist enough” before contacting us. We can assess the concern, explain what is happening and guide you to the right next step.

This page provides general information and cannot diagnose your gums. Advice for you should be based on an examination and appropriate records.

Further reading: NHS guidance on gum disease and King's College Hospital guidance on looking after your gums.